Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A (2024)

The success of space missions relies heavily on the effectiveness of Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) in safeguarding spacecraft from the extreme thermal environments encountered during atmospheric entry and re-entry. This review paper explores the development of advanced materials for TPS, focusing on innovations that enhance thermal resistance, structural integrity, and overall performance. It examines the evolution of TPS materials from early ablative systems to modern, reusable solutions, highlighting key developments in carbon-carbon composites, ceramic matrix composites, and ultra-high temperature ceramics. The paper also discusses the challenges in material development, including oxidation resistance, thermal shock, and material durability, and concludes with an outlook on future research directions for TPS materials.