Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A (2024)

The sustainability of the ecosystem is threatened by the hazardous inorganic and organic contaminants found in industrial effluent. In comparison to inorganic pollutants, organic pollutants pose a greater threat to the environment and life forms. They are teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and have other seriously harmful effects on living things. In addition, they have an impact on the fertility and quality of the soil. It is difficult to remove different effluents with resistant pollutants using traditional treatment procedures. Biological treatment techniques differ from physical and chemical ones in that they are technically possible, adaptable, effective, and have minimal operational costs and energy footprints. An ex-situ technique for bioremediation, biological treatment in bioreactors has the advantages of continuous monitoring under regulated limits. Environmental pollution, heavy metal contamination, and microbial adaptation mechanisms have all been linked to significant alterations in the microbial diversity that can be remedied by bacteria. Microbes are useful for cleaning up the contaminated environment; in-situ bioremediation is suggested as a remedy for emerging contamination issues. This essay aims to present a survey of bioremediation methods, focusing on widely used bioreactors and developments utilized for various industrial effluents, along with their relative benefits and drawbacks.